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Climate Indicators for Germany, 2°C and 1.5°C Targets Until 2050, Situation in 2030
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 4, July 2021
Pages:
149-156
Received:
10 June 2021
Accepted:
5 July 2021
Published:
13 July 2021
Abstract: In the following report, Germany’s detailed efforts to achieve the climate targets are formulated. Necessary reduction of CO2 emissions and the graph of the indicators for the 2°C and the 1.5°C target are determined for 2030 and 2050 according to worldwide requirements to achieve climate protection goals. The necessary associated changes in the structure of energy production and consumption are shown graphically for 2030; in particular the share of energy sources to cover the energy demand, the corresponding energy flow from primary energy to the end energies and the related detailed CO2 emissions. Achieving climate goals poses major challenges to the international community. Between 1870 and 2017, around 390 Gt of carbon were released into the atmosphere through the combustion of fossil fuels. In order to limit the temperature rise from the pre-industrial period to 2°C, the carbon content of the atmosphere must not exceed 800 Gt in total by 2100, and to meet the 1.5°C target only 550 Gt C. Not only the main emitters of CO2 such as the USA and China, but all countries must make an appropriate contribution. How the load distribution for the 2°C or 1.5°C climate target should look for Germany has been analyzed in detail taking into account the economic development with the help of IMF statistics. The given development of the indicators and thus compliance with the 1.5 degree target seems to be possible for Germany.
Abstract: In the following report, Germany’s detailed efforts to achieve the climate targets are formulated. Necessary reduction of CO2 emissions and the graph of the indicators for the 2°C and the 1.5°C target are determined for 2030 and 2050 according to worldwide requirements to achieve climate protection goals. The necessary associated changes in the str...
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Rapid Assessment of COVID-19 Impact on Livestock Sector in Kellem Wollega Oromia Region, Ethiopia
Soresa Shuma Abdisa,
Abdisa Abraham Challa,
Hamba Igazu
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 4, July 2021
Pages:
157-161
Received:
23 June 2021
Accepted:
19 July 2021
Published:
24 July 2021
Abstract: The COVID-19 general has made a serious negative impact not only for health sector in the country but also all features of living conditions. Subsequently the COVID 19 occurrence began in early Administration has lockdown people's program to control the spread of the disease. To know the present condition of livestock market, Kellem Wollega Zonde has prepared phone call based consultation with 10 entrepreneurs and 50 farmers of 3 districts in the livestock subdivision using organized surveys during September 10-15 2020. Around 90% would go to nearby hospitals directly if any family member seems to be infected. This figure is alarming and reflected that they only know the disease outbreak but they are not internalizing its pandemic situation. In this situation, Government and other agencies should be concentrated on multipurpose cash support for the COVID-19 affected vulnerable groups, so that they can buy their necessities from their local market for retrieving local economy which will also create an equilibrium condition in market. On the other hand, local administration should increase their strict monitoring for availability of daily necessities in the market and for controlling annoying situations in the market. Subsequently the COVID 19 occurrence began in early March in study area; the Government has lockdown people's movement to control the spread of the disease. Day by day disease affection is increasing geometrically. The lockdowns have had a significant and still not well understood impact on the agricultural sector. According to a recent survey published by BRAC, though the lockdown is useful to prevent the spread of disease as it forces people to stay at home, the average household income falls 70% caused by sudden shutdown. As all of the livelihood sectors fall into a serious implication, the livestock sector is no exception. The livestock market is also facing continuous loss. Livestock farmers face severe pressure from supply and market disruptions, since animals need to eat every day and production cycles are short daily for dairy and 3-4 months’ Cycle for bull fattening.
Abstract: The COVID-19 general has made a serious negative impact not only for health sector in the country but also all features of living conditions. Subsequently the COVID 19 occurrence began in early Administration has lockdown people's program to control the spread of the disease. To know the present condition of livestock market, Kellem Wollega Zonde h...
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Review on the Work Done For the Last Decade on Acid Soil Management for Better Yields in Southwestern Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 4, July 2021
Pages:
162-172
Received:
25 June 2021
Accepted:
26 July 2021
Published:
5 August 2021
Abstract: Population is increasing exponentially over time but resources are limited. To support this population, increasing productivity of the resources is importantly inevitable. One of the resources, the base of production, is soil. Its fertility is declining due to expansion of soil acidity and its low inherent fertility status. Soil fertility management is therefore, a key for sustainable crop production for food security. Last10-15 years of research and its achievement in soil acidity management in annual crops by Jimma Agricultural research center have been reviewed. To fulfill the increasing demand for food and raw materials, soil health and fertility has remained as the major factor to increase and sustain crop yields. This calls for proper use of knowledge of soil acidity and its amelioration to maximize agricultural productivity. Farmers require simple and sustainable techniques to amend acid soils and improve yields of crops of their choices. Recommendations on reclamation of acid soils need to change with new developments, such as liming, use of acid-tolerant crop varieties and integrated soil fertility management. Liming has played an important role in raising soil pH and enhancing crop productivity. In Ethiopia, southwestern area the gap between potential and actual yield is very wide because of soil acidity and associated nutrient availability. Acidic soils are not responsive to the application of inorganic fertilizers without amendments-it is simply wastage of resources. Thus, developing effective and efficient acid soil management practices is indispensable for enhancing crop productivity and thereby sustaining yield gains. Natural Resources Management Research process, acid soil management research program of the Jimma Agricultural Research center has been conducting different research activities on soil acidity management to enhance, and sustain agricultural productivity in the country. Using amendments such as lime and organic fertilizer for acid soil management showed good result in maize and soybean productivity in acidic soils in Jimma and Illubabor. This review finding provides important information on management options to amend soil acidity and improve the entire fertility of soils, and other organic amendments that can be applied to remedy soil acidity to the desired pH level and improve soil quality. Integrated acid soil management enhances the stability of yields and maximizes nutrient use efficiency. The information contained in this finding serves the interests of policymakers, researchers, students, agronomists and users associated with acid soils management.
Abstract: Population is increasing exponentially over time but resources are limited. To support this population, increasing productivity of the resources is importantly inevitable. One of the resources, the base of production, is soil. Its fertility is declining due to expansion of soil acidity and its low inherent fertility status. Soil fertility managemen...
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Scientific Thinking Skills in Science Among Third Intermediate Grade Female Students in Riyadh in Saudi Arabia
Noura Bint Saeed Ibn Ali Al-Qahtani,
Ali Ibn Ahmad Ibn Saleh Al-Rashid
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 4, July 2021
Pages:
173-181
Received:
25 May 2021
Accepted:
13 July 2021
Published:
7 August 2021
Abstract: This research aimed to detect the level of scientific thinking skills in science among female students of third-intermediate grade in the schools of Annahdah Office, Eastern Riyadh city. The researcher used the descriptive survey methodology which included two main tools: Scientific Thinking Skills Scale which was applied on a sample of (673) female students and divided into three themes: the skill of doubt in information before acceptance, the skill of logical reasoning of information, the skill of reliance on empirical evidence to judge information. And a questionnaire that included science female teachers` perspectives regarding the level of female students practice of scientific thinking skills, and was applied on a sample of (80) science female teachers. Results showed that the level of practicing scientific thinking skills in science among female students of third-intermediate grade was low based on the scale results. Where the level of practicing skills of doubt of information before acceptance was (71%), The level of practicing skills of logical reasoning of information was (29%). The level of practicing skills of reliance on empirical evidence to judge information was (32%). Results of the questionnaire showed that the level of practicing scientific thinking skills among 9th female students was also high from the science teachers` perspectives. Where the level of the teachers` perspectives of the student skills of doubt of information before acceptance was (63%), the skills of logical reasoning of information was (85%) and the skills of reliance on empirical evidence to judge information was (66%). The research concluded a number of recommendations, the most important are: constructing enrichment materials and programs that aim to the development of scientific thinking skills among female students.
Abstract: This research aimed to detect the level of scientific thinking skills in science among female students of third-intermediate grade in the schools of Annahdah Office, Eastern Riyadh city. The researcher used the descriptive survey methodology which included two main tools: Scientific Thinking Skills Scale which was applied on a sample of (673) femal...
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Teaching Experience in a Virtual Math Course in COVID-19 Pandemic
Judith Rocha Gamez,
Samantha Armijo Martinez
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 4, July 2021
Pages:
182-187
Received:
26 July 2021
Accepted:
11 August 2021
Published:
26 August 2021
Abstract: In this work we share the experience of a virtual mathematics course under the modality of competencies at the bachelor's level in the Clinical Chemical Biologist career that is taught at the Faculty of Medicine of the Autonomous University of Nuevo León. Through the use of the Moodle platform, it served us communication and technical support for the ponderable activities of the course and the Teams platform for virtual classes. Using Microsoft Teams we were able to establish contact with the students since by having video calls we can see them in a timely manner way when they are in the session, facilitating feedback on a concern or question. In addition, the Teams platform allowed us to create teams or rooms where, in isolation from the general group, they can work in teams of 6 people to perform the exercises collaboratively. In addition, by conducting evaluations with written exams in virtual form, time and costs could be reduced by facilitating the use of techniques to evaluate larger and more diversified groups, allowing the development of new forms of evaluation and their integration with other learning activities, as well as immediate feedback. based on its results, it offers greater opportunities to practice the knowledge and skills acquired. Finally, the main problem of evaluation in a virtual or remote environment is usually that of reliability, since "it can induce plagiarism" And this is eliminated by the supervision with the camera on while answering their written evaluations. The question arose if there would be a difference in the averages of the group that took the subject virtually against the averages of previous groups that took it in person. The grades obtained with the group from the August-December 2020 period (virtual classes) were compared to two groups from previous years 2019 and 2018 who attended the learning unit in person, observing a marked difference.
Abstract: In this work we share the experience of a virtual mathematics course under the modality of competencies at the bachelor's level in the Clinical Chemical Biologist career that is taught at the Faculty of Medicine of the Autonomous University of Nuevo León. Through the use of the Moodle platform, it served us communication and technical support for t...
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The Role of Leadership in Policy Implementation: The Case of Selected Federal Public Institutions in Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 4, July 2021
Pages:
188-208
Received:
1 June 2021
Accepted:
3 August 2021
Published:
26 August 2021
Abstract: Scholars believe that there is nothing more omnipresent than public policies in our daily lives, where we are directly or indirectly affected by policy decisions. This leads to the view that almost every aspect of our life is directly regulated through policy decisions, some of which we are often unaware of. Hence, nobody can escape the consequences of public policies wherever they live, in their own country, or elsewhere. In the implementation equation, the role of leadership is considered critical and irreplaceable. But more often than not, such role is either forgotten or mixed up with other stakeholders. The objective of this study is to find out the role of leadership in policy implementation in selected federal public institutions in Ethiopia and come up with possible way- forward suggestions for policymakers. The study used a descriptive-explanatory design with combined research approaches. The findings show that leadership role in policy implementation is decisive and incontestable, while their commitment is not found to the level expected; accountability for implementation deficit is either little or non-existent. Underlying causes were ascribed to lack of meritocracy in leadership recruitment and promotion, absence of spelt-out accountability code of conduct, continuous leadership turnover, and disempowerment of the bureaucracy by the political institution in place. In response, it is recommended that a continuous capacity building plan be executed to raise leaders’ knowledge, skills and commitment; apply a merit-based leadership assignment through performance-based evaluation; install accountability code of conduct in public institutions; maintain institutional memory and policy stability by reducing leadership turnover; and relax the decision power of the bureaucracy, particularly at policy implementation side of the scale.
Abstract: Scholars believe that there is nothing more omnipresent than public policies in our daily lives, where we are directly or indirectly affected by policy decisions. This leads to the view that almost every aspect of our life is directly regulated through policy decisions, some of which we are often unaware of. Hence, nobody can escape the consequence...
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